Introductory ‘ It ’

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Rabu, 02 Februari 2011




Introductory ‘ It ’


A To understand this lesson is easy .

B It is easy to understand this lesson .


In this pattern , it has no meaning . It is used only to fill the subject position in the sentence . Thus , it is called introductory “ it ” .

A & B mean the same thing , but sentence B is more common and useful than A . A was introduce mainly to make the meaning of C easier to understand .

Introductory “ it ” can fill the position both of the subject &  object .

Introductory “ it ” as a subject :

To watch musical programs is pleasant .
It is pleasant to watch musical program .
To play football must be fun .
It is fun to play football .

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News Item

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News Item .

Factual text which informs the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy / important .

Social function of news item is :

To inform readers , listeners / viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy / important .

Generic structure :

Newsworthy Event ( s ) : Recounts the events in summary form

Background Event ( s ) : Elaborate what happened , to WHOM , in WHAT circumstances .

Sources : Comments by participants in , witnesses to & authorities ’  expert on the event .

Significant Grammar Features :

Short

Telegraphic information about story captured in headline
Generally using Simple Past Tense

Use of Material Processes to retell the event

Using Action Verbs , e . g . : Were , run , go , kill , etc .

Using Saying Verbs , e . g . : Say , tell

Focus on Circumstances

Use of projecting Verbal Processes in Sources stages

There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible .

The passive voice is used without the appropriate form of “ be ” .

Example : Town ‘ Contaminated ’

Complete Sentence : Town is contaminated .

It is unusual to find complex forms , generally the simple present form is used

Example : Fire Destroys over 2 , 511 acres of Forest in 2003 – 2004

Complete Sentence : Fire has destroyed over 2 , 511 acres of forest in 2003 – 2004 .

The present progressive tense is used , usually to describe something that is changing / developing , but the auxiliary verb is usually left out .

Example : World Heading for Energy Crisis

Complete Sentence : The world is heading for an energy crisis .

To refer to the future , headlines often use the infinitive .

Example : Queen to Visit Samoa .

Complete Sentence : The Queen is going to visit Samoa .

Headlines are not always complete sentences .

Example : More earthquakes in Japan .

Complete Sentence : More earthquakes happened in Japan .

News Item :

A Korean Force Of Nature

Newsworthy event

In just 3 years , Korean pop star Rain Has built a huge domestic following of ( mostly ) female fans with a string of chart - topping singles , & now he ’ s ready to branch out overseas .

Background events

Rain picked up MTV Asia prizes this year , played his first solo concert in Japan in July & has lined up sold - out gigs in Hong Kong & Tokyo . But the engine of Korean pop - culture dominance in Asia is the soap opera , which is why Rain is forecast for TV this fall . The decidedly boyish singer will play a macho K - 1 fighter who falls for his brother ’ s lover in a series tentatively titled A Loved to Kill . Though the show is set to air first in Korea this October , the astounding popularity of Korean TV dramas around the region means that the pop star could soon become a familiar face throughout Asia .

But why stop there ? Rain ’ s managers believe he could be the first Korean star to break into the U . S . market . Park Jin Young , the pop impresario who discovered & trained Rain , is a talented dancer &  songwriter who has worked with U . S . artists like Mase & Will Smith .  Since setting up camp in Los Angeles last year , Park has been shopping his protégé around to U . S . production companies . Rain almost managed to score a track on rapper Lil ’  Kim ’ s latest album – but the plan fell apart after Kim was convicted of perjury & had to start serving a jail term ,  according to Jimmy Jeong , an executive at Rain ’ s management company .  
Sources

Just a minor setback , says Jeong : “ We ’ re targeting the global market .  Rain ’ s too big for Asia . ”


Dogs To Herd Geese From Central Park

Newsworthy event

NEW YORK ( AP ) - - City officials will use border collies to drive geese away from Central Park ' s lawns & meadows next month .

Background events

A Howell , N . J . , company , Geese Police Inc . , employs dog handlers who are educated on the behavior of Canada geese & their migratory , nesting & breeding habits . The collies , bred to herd sheep , have a natural instinct to round up geese .

The Geese Police pilot program , funded by the New York City ' s  Department of Parks & Recreation & the Central Park Conservancy management organization , will last through April .

As with all wildlife that inhabit / migrate through city parkland , Canada geese are protected from hunting & attack by humans , parks Commissioner Adrian Benepe said Monday . But their increasing presence can damage grass & leave parks fouled by droppings , Benepe said .

Sources

" The Geese Police pilot project is an innovative & humane effort to manage the growing geese population in Central Park , " he said .


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Passive Voice

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Passive Voice

1 .
Simple present
Active
Passive

We
OB on RCTI

watched
is watched
OB on RCTI
( by us )
Everyday .
Everyday .
2 .
Simple past
Active
Passive

Rita
A letter

wrote
was written
a letter
by Rita
yesterday y .
yesterday .
3 .
Simple Future
Active
Passive

My family
A villa

will rent
will be rent
a villa
by my family
for holiday .
for holiday .
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice , note the following :
the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
the finite form of the verb is changed ( to be + past participle )
the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence ( / is dropped )








Agent

In a passive clause , we usually use a phrase beginning with by if we want to mention the agent - the person /  thing that does the action , / that causes what happens .

Examples :

My mother makes sandwich every morning .

Subject verb 1 + s / es O C ( adv . of time )

Sandwich is made by my mother every morning .

Subject to be + V3 Agent C ( adv . of time )









Present continuous : [ S + to be + being + V3 ( past participle )

Present perfect : [ S + has / have + been + V3 ( past participle )










Present continuous



Active

Passive


A young boy is catching a butterfly .

A butterfly is being caught by a young boy .




Present perfect



Active

Passive



Yano has returned the book to the library .

The book has been returned to the library by Yano .





If you want to change an active sentence which has 2 objects into its passive forms , there are 2 ways :

Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive  sentence .

Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence .









Examples :

Active :




John is giving his girl - friend a bunch of flower .

Indirect object direct object







Passive :

The indirect object as the subject




John ’ s girl - friend is being given a bunch of flower .







Passive :

The direct object as the subject




A bunch of flower is being given to John ’ s girl – friend .








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Direct & Indirect Speeches

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Direct & Indirect Speeches

Direct Speech refers to reproducing another person ’ s exact words /  saying exactly what some 1 has said ( sometimes called quoted speech ) .

We use quotation marks ( “ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ” ) & it should be word for word .

For example :

Nicky said , “ It ’ s hot ” .

/

“ It ’ s hot , ” Nicky said .

Indirect speech refers to reproducing the idea of another person ’ s words that doesn ’ t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said & it doesn ’ t have to be word for word .

Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech .

The tense usually changes when reporting speech . This is because we are usually talking about a time in the past and obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past .

The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too .


Note : The reporting verbs that are usually used to report imperative sentences are :
Tell , order , command , ask , warn , remind


Don ’ t forget to mention the indirect object .
Father warned me not to drive fast .


For example :

Direct speech Indirect speech

Present simple Past simple
Vita said , “ I eat fried rice ” . Vita said that she ate fried rice .

Past simple Past Perfect
Mother said , “ I went to market yesterday ” . Mother said ( that ) she had gone to market the day before .

Future simple Past Future
Lea said , “ I am going to wash my clothes ” . Lea said ( that ) she was going to wash her clothes .
Dave said , “ I will buy an I - Pod next week ” . Dave said ( that ) he would buy an I - Pod the week after .

Present continuous Past continuous
Gama said , “ I am playing football ” . Gama said he was playing football .

Past continuous Past perfect continuous
She said , “ I was teaching earlier . ” She said she had been teaching earlier .

          When we want to report what someone said , we do not usually repeat their exact words , we use our words . We can use reporting verbs , such as tell , say , ask followed by ‘ that – clause ’ .
Example : My mother said that she got up at 4 o ’ clock .

       When reporting verbs is in the Present , Present Perfect , / Future , there is no change of tense in the words reported .
Example : She will tell you

She says ( that ) she doesn ’ t know .
She has just said
In time expressions & pronouns


Direct speech

Indirect speech

Now
Today / tonight
Yesterday
Tomorrow
Last week
Next week
Ago

Then
That day / that night
The day before / the previous day
The next / following day
The previous week
The following week / the week after
Before

This / these
Here
Pronouns

That / those
There
They change according to the context

Sometimes we need to report someone ’ s questions . The reported question are introduced with the verb ask , inquire , wonder , want to know , etc .


Type

Form
Examples

Yes - No questions

Ask + if / whether + subject + verb
Wonder etc .
“ Do you speak English ? ”
- He wondered if I spoke English .

Wh-questions


Ask + question word + subject + verb
Wonder etc .


“ What are you watching ? ”
- She asked what I am watching .

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Simple Future Tense

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Simple Future

The Definition Of Future Tense

A verb form that marks the event described by the verb as not having happened yet , but expected to happen in the future / to happen subsequent to some other event , whether that is past , present , / future .

The Simple Future Is Used

To talk about things that will happen at a time later than now .
Simple Future has 2 different forms in English : " Will " & " Be Going To “ .

Although the 2 forms can sometimes be used interchangeably , they often express very different meanings . These different meanings might seem too abstract at first , but with time & practice , the differences will become clear . Both " Will " & " Be Going To " refer to a specific time in the future .

Form Will

[ S + will + verb 1 ]

Examples

Dessy will help Deriven later .
Will Dessy help Deriven later ?
Dessy will not help Deriven later .

Form Be Going To

[ S + to be ( am / is / are ) + going to + verb ]

Examples

You are going to meet Dheppy to night .
Are you going to meet Dheppy to night ?
You are not going to meet Dheppy to night .

Use 1 " Will " To Express A Voluntary Action

" Will " often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily . A voluntary action is 1 the speaker offers to do for someone else . Often , we use " will " to respond to someone else ' s complaint / request for help . We also use " will " when we request that someone help us / volunteer to do something for us . Similarly , we use " will not " / " won ' t " when we refuse to voluntarily do something .

Examples

Karnita will send Maria the information when Anggry get it .
Ayu will translate the email , so Mr . Hanna can read it .
Will Khanding help Chindya move this heavy table ?
Will Loise make dinner ?
Indah will not do Fanny ‘ s home work for Achyat .
Ramadhani won ' t do all the house work my self !
I ' m really hungry .
I ' ll make some sandwiches .

A : I ' m so tired .
     I ' m about to fall asleep .
B : I ' ll get you some coffee .

A : The phone is ringing .
B : I ' ll get it .

Use 2 " Will " To Express A Promise

" Will " is usually used in promises .

Examples

Sani will call Meytri when Tianie arrive .
If I am elected President of the United States , I will make sure everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance .
Keke promise Lidya will not tell Diya about the surprise party .
Don ' t worry , I ' ll be careful .
Ramot won't tell anyone Manku ‘ s secret .

Use 3 " Be Going To " To Express A Plan

" Be going to " expresses that something is a plan . It expresses the idea that a person intends to do something in the future . It does not matter whether the plan is realistic / not .

Examples

He is going to spend Noprian ‘  vacation in India .
She is not going to spend Dhega ‘ s vacation in India .

A : When are we going to meet each other to night ?
B : We are going to meet at 7 PM .

I ' m going to be an actor when I grow up .
Faizal is going to begin medical school next year .
They are going to drive all the way to Alaska .
Who are you going to invite to the party ?

A : Who is going to make Grandy ' s birthday cake ?
B : Febry is going to make Fazar ' s birthday cake .

Use 4 " Will " / " Be Going To " To Express A Prediction

Both " will " & " be going to " can express the idea of a general prediction about the future . Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future . In " prediction " sentences , the subject usually has little control over the future & there fore USES 1 - 3 do not apply . In the following examples , there is no difference in meaning .

Examples

The year 2223 will be a very interesting year .
The year 2223 is going to be a very interesting year .
William will be the next President .
Asih is going to be the next President .
The movie " Devi " will win several Academy Awards .
The movie " Lia " is going to win several Academy Awards .

Important

In the Simple Future , it is not always clear which Use the speaker has in mind . Often , there is more than 1 way to interpret a sentence ' s meaning .

No Future In Time Clauses

Like all future forms , the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as : when , while , before , after , by the time , as soon as , if , unless , etc . Instead of Simple Future , Simple Present is used .

Examples

When Monica will arrive to night , Putri will go out for dinner . Not Correct
When Emi arrive to night , Violetta will go out for dinner . Correct

Adverb Placement

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as :  always , only , never , ever , still , just , etc .

Examples

Rahma will never help Nita .
Will Pratiwi ever help Tiwi ?
You are never going to meet Christin .
Are you ever going to meet Tina ?

Active / Passive

Examples

Yuli will finish the work by 5 : 00 PM . Active
The work will be finished by 5 : 00 PM . Passive
Anto is going to make a beautiful dinner to night . Active
A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Adi tonight . Passive

The Formula With Verb Sentence

• Positive       ( + ) : S + will / shall + V 1 + object
• Negative     ( - ) : S + will / shall + not + V 1 + object
• Interrogative ( ? ) : Will / shall + S + V 1 + object

Example

Rama will visit tokyo        ( + )
Dhani will not visit India  ( - )
Will Madhan visit china ? ( ? )

The formula with nominal sentence

Positive          ( + ) : S + will / shall + be + complement
Negative        ( - ) : S + will / shall + not + complement
Interrogative ( ? ) : will / shall + S + complement  

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Surprise & Disbelieve

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Surprise

The act of coming upon unawarss or of taking suddenly and with out preparation .

To express surprise / disbelief :

What a surprise ! That ’ s a surprise !
( Well ) , that ’ s very surprising !
Really ?
What ?
Are you serious ? You must be joking !
You ’ re kidding !
Fancy that !
I must say . . . surprises me .
I find that hard to believe .

When you got a surprising fact , you can say :

Do you know what ?
Believe it / not ?
You may not believe it , but . . .
Can you believe this ?

You can respond to the surprising fact using these expressions :

Really ?
Are you joking ?
Oh ?
Where ? Show me .
Disbelief
To had nut to be true or not to exist
To Express :
Really?
What?
Are you serious?
You are kidding? 



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Gratitude , compliment , & Congrulation

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Gratitude . 

     Gratitude is an expression that we show / say to express grateful feeling to other people .

Thanking :

Thank you very much
Thank you for your help
I ’ m really very grateful to you
You ’ re welcome
Don ’ t mention it
It ’ s a pleasure / My pleasure
I want to express my gratitude to ( my teacher , my father , etc )
I am grateful to your help




Compliment .
 


     Compliment is an expression that we show or say to express / give praise .
 

What a nice dress !
You look great .
You look very nice / beautiful / handsome .
I really must express my admiration for your dance .
Good grades !
Excellent !
Nice work !
Good job !



Congratulation .
 


Congratulation is an expression that we use to give the congratulation utterance when he / she succeeds in doing something .
 

Congratulations !
Congratulations on your success !
Happy birthday !
Happy Lebaran Day / Happy led !
Merry Christmas !
Happy New Year !
Happy Valentine !
Happy anniversary ! 


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