Present Perfect Tense

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Rabu, 17 November 2010

Present Perfect Tense

Form

( has / have + past participle )
Examples :

You have seen that movie many times .
Have you seen that movie many times ?
You have not seen that movie many times .

Complete List of Present Perfect Forms

Use 1 Unspecified Time Before Now

We can use the present perfect with unspecific expressions such as : ever , never , once , many times , several times , before , so far , already , yet , etc .

Examples :

I have seen that movie 20 times .
People have traveled to the Moon .
Have you read the book yet ?

How Do You Actually Use The Present Perfect ?

Topic 1 Experience

You can use the present perfect to describe your experience .

Examples :

He has never traveled by train .
Joan has studied 2 foreign languages .

Topic 2 Change Over Time

We often use the present perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time .

Examples :

You have grown since the last time I saw you .
My English has really improved since I moved to Australia .

Topic 3 Accomplishments

We often use the present perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals & humanity .

Examples :

Man has walked on the Moon .
Scientists have split the atom .

Topic 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting

We often use the present perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened .

Examples :

Bill has still not arrived .
The rain hasn ' t stopped .

Topic 5 Multiple Actions At Different Times

We also use the present perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times .

Examples :

The army has attacked that city five times .

Time Expressions With Present Perfect

We can do this with expressions such as : in the last week , in the last year , this week , this month , so far , up to now , etc .

Examples :

They have had 3 tests in the last week .
My car has broken down 3 times this week .

Notice

" Last year " & " in the last year " are very different in meaning . It is not considered a specific time , so it requires present perfect .

Examples :

I went to Mexico last year .

Use 2 Duration From The Past Until Now ( Non - Continuous Verbs )

" For 5 minutes , " " for 2 weeks , " & " since Tuesday " are all durations which can be used with the present perfect .

Examples :

I have had a cold for 2 weeks .

Adverb Placement

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as : always , only , never , ever , still , just , etc .

Examples :

You have only seen that movie one time .
Have you only seen that movie one time ?

Active / Passive

Examples :

Many tourists have visited that castle . Active
That castle has been visited by many tourists . Passive

Past Perfect Tense

A kind of tense that is used to describe an action / an event that started in a certain time in the past & completed / finished till certain / an event that had happened before the other event / action happened .

The Pattern :
( + ) Subject + had + verb I I I + complement
( – ) Subject + had not + verb I I I + complement
( ? ) Had + subject + verb I I I + complement ?
Formula of Verbal Sentence :
( + ) Subject + Had + V3
( - ) Subject + Had + Not + V3
( ? ) Had + Subject + V3 ?
Example :
+ She had put my book on the table last night .
Formula of Nominal Sentence
( + ) Subject + Had + Been + Non Verb
( - ) Subject + Had + Not + Been + Non Verb
( ? ) Had + Subject + Been + Non Verb ?
Example :
+ I had been there when the accident happened .
- I had not been there when the accident happened .
? Had had been there when the accident happened ?

Future Perfect Tense

Future perfect has 2 different forms : " will have done " & " be going to have done . "

Form Future Perfect With " Will "

( will have + past participle )
Examples :

You will have perfected your english by the time you come back from the U . S .
Will you have perfected your english by the time you come back from the U . S . ?
You will not have perfected your english by the time you come back from the U . S .

Form Future Perfect With " Be Going To "

( am / is / are + going to have + past participle )
Examples :

You are going to have perfected your english by the time you come back from the U . S .
Are you going to have perfected your english by the time you come back from the U . S . ?
You are not going to have perfected your english by the time you come back from the U . S .

Complete List Of Future Perfect Forms

Use 1 Completed Action Before Something In The Future

Examples :

By next November , I will have received my promotion .
I am not going to have finished this test by 3 o ' clock .

Use 2 Duration Before Something In The Future ( Non - Continuous Verbs )

Examples :

I will have been in London for 6 months by the time I leave .
By Monday , Susan is going to have had my book for a week .

Remember No Future In Time Clauses

Like all future forms , the future perfect cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as : when , while , before , after , by the time , as soon as , if , unless , etc .

Examples :

I am going to see a movie when I will have finished my homework . Not Correct
I am going to see a movie when I have finished my homework . Correct

Adverb Placement

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as : always , only , never , ever , still , just , etc .
Examples :

You will only have learned a few words .
Will you only have learned a few words ?

Active / Passive

Examples :

They will have completed the project before the deadline . Active
The project will have been completed before the deadline . Passive

The structure of the future perfect tense is :

subject	+	auxiliary verb WILL	+	auxiliary verb HAVE	+	main verb
		invariable		invariable		past participle
		will		have		V3

Look at these example sentences in the future perfect tense :

	subject	auxiliary verb		auxiliary verb	main verb
+	I	will		have	finished	by 10am.
+	You	will		have	forgotten	me by then.
-	She	will	not	have	gone	to school.
-	We	will	not	have	left.
?	Will	you		have	arrived?
?	Will	they		have	received	it?

Primbon Bella